dcmdata.c File Reference

Processing DICOM data structs. More...

#include "tpcclibConfig.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "tpcextensions.h"
#include "tpcdcm.h"

Go to the source code of this file.

Functions
void	dcmfileInit (DCMFILE *d)
void	dcmitemFree (DCMITEM *d)
void	dcmfileFree (DCMFILE *d)
unsigned short int	dcmitemMaxDepth (DCMITEM *d)
unsigned short int	dcmfileMaxDepth (DCMFILE *df)
unsigned short int	dcmitemParentNr (DCMITEM *d)
char *	dcmValueString (DCMITEM *d)
long int	dcmitemGetInt (DCMITEM *d)
double	dcmitemGetReal (DCMITEM *d)
DCMITEM *	dcmFindTag (DCMITEM *d, const short int omit, DCMTAG *tag, const int verbose)
DCMITEM *	dcmFindDownTag (DCMITEM *d, const short int omit, DCMTAG *tag, const int verbose)
void	dcmitemPrint (DCMITEM *d)
void	dcmTagSet (DCMTAG *tag, unsigned short int group, unsigned short int element)
int	dcmAddItem (DCMFILE *dcm, DCMITEM *d, short int aschild, DCMTAG tag, dcmvr vr, unsigned int vl, char *rd, const int verbose)
int	dcmTagIntRange (DCMITEM *d, DCMTAG *tag, int *mi, int *ma, const int verbose)

Detailed Description

Processing DICOM data structs.

Definition in file dcmdata.c.

Function Documentation

dcmAddItem()

int dcmAddItem	(	DCMFILE *	dcm,
		DCMITEM *	d,
		short int	aschild,
		DCMTAG	tag,
		dcmvr	vr,
		unsigned int	vl,
		char *	rd,
		const int	verbose )

Add an item to DCMFILE data struct.

See also

dcmfileInit, dcmfileFree

Returns

0 if successful, otherwise >0.

Parameters

dcm	Pointer to DCMFILE.
d	Pointer to a previous item in DCMFILE, into which to link this item; enter NULL to add as next item to the highest level.
aschild	Add as child; 1=yes, 0=no.
tag	Tag
vr	VR
vl	VL; enter 0xFFFFFFFF to use VR's default length.
rd	Pointer to the item value as byte array
verbose	Verbose level; if zero, then nothing is printed to stderr or stdout.

Definition at line 501 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(verbose>0) {
    printf("%s(dcm, (%04X,%04X))", __func__, tag.group, tag.element);
    if(d==NULL) printf(", null"); else printf(", ptr");
    printf(", %d, %s, 0x%08X, rd", aschild, dcmVRName(vr), vl);
    printf(")\n");
  }
  if(dcm==NULL) return(1);
  if(vr==DCM_VR_INVALID) return(2);
 
  /* Check that caller has not given previous item pointer when there are none in DCMFILE */
  if(d!=NULL && dcm->item==NULL) return(3);
  /* Check that caller has not given previous item pointer that already has child */
  if(d!=NULL && aschild && d->child_item!=NULL) return(4);
 
  /* Check whether we currently support the Transfer UID */
  if(dcm->truid!=DCM_TRUID_LEE) return(5);
 
  /* Allocate memory for the new element; do not free it here, since it will be part of
     DCMFILE struct. */
  if(verbose>1) printf("  allocating memory for the item\n");
  DCMITEM *item=(DCMITEM*)malloc(sizeof(DCMITEM));
  if(item==NULL) return(11);
  item->next_item=item->child_item=(DCMITEM*)NULL;
  item->fp=dcm->fp; item->truid=dcm->truid;
  item->rd=(char*)NULL;
 
  /* Set item tag, VR, and VL */
  if(verbose>1) printf("  setting item contents\n");
  item->tag.group=tag.group;
  item->tag.element=tag.element;
  item->vr=vr;
  item->vl=vl;
  /* Allocate memory for item value */
  size_t s;
  if(vl==0xFFFFFFFF) s=dcmVRVLength(vr); else s=vl;
  if(s>0) {
    if(item->vl==0xFFFFFFFF) item->vl=(unsigned int)s;
    if(verbose>1) printf("  allocating %u bytes for the item value\n", (unsigned int)s);
    item->rd=(char*)calloc(s, sizeof(char));
    if(item->rd==NULL) {free(item); return(21);}
  } else {
    if(verbose>1) printf("zero size for item value\n");
    if(rd==NULL) {
      if(verbose>1) printf("... which is ok since value is empty, too.\n");
    } else {
      if(verbose>0) printf("... which is not ok because we have value to store.\n");
      if(item->rd==NULL) {free(item); return(22);}
    }
  }
  /* Copy the item value */
  if(rd!=NULL && s>0) {
    if(verbose>1) printf("  copying the item value\n");
    /* Special treatment for strings, because those tend to be shorter than told */
    if(vr==DCM_VR_LO || vr==DCM_VR_LT || vr==DCM_VR_PN || vr==DCM_VR_SH || vr==DCM_VR_UI || vr==DCM_VR_UR) 
    {
      unsigned int len=strnlen(rd, s);
      if(len<s) strlcpy(item->rd, rd, s);
      else memcpy(item->rd, rd, s);
    } else if(vr==DCM_VR_DS || vr==DCM_VR_IS) 
    {
      unsigned int len=strnlen(rd, s);
      if(len<s) strlcpy(item->rd, rd, s);
      else memcpy(item->rd, rd, s);
    } else {
      memcpy(item->rd, rd, s);
    }
  }
 
 
  /* If we have the item to link to, then do the linking */
  if(verbose>1) printf("  link the item.\n");
  if(d!=NULL) {
    if(aschild) {
      d->child_item=item;
      item->parent_item=d;
      item->prev_item=(DCMITEM*)NULL;
    } else if(d->next_item==NULL) {
      d->next_item=item;
      item->prev_item=d;
      item->parent_item=d->parent_item;
    } else {
      /* find the last item in the list */
      DCMITEM *ip=d; while(ip->next_item!=NULL) ip=ip->next_item;
      ip->next_item=item;
      item->prev_item=ip;
      item->parent_item=ip->parent_item;
    }
  } else if(dcm->item==NULL) {
    /* This is truly the first item ever */
    dcm->item=item;
    item->prev_item=item->parent_item=(DCMITEM*)NULL;
  } else {
    /* Caller lets us find the item to link to */
    DCMITEM *ip=dcm->item; while(ip->next_item!=NULL) ip=ip->next_item;
    ip->next_item=item;
    item->prev_item=ip;
    item->parent_item=ip->parent_item;
  }
 
  if(verbose>2) dcmitemPrint(item);
 
  if(verbose>1) printf("  all done.\n");
  return(0);
}

Referenced by imgWriteDICOM().

dcmfileFree()

void dcmfileFree

(

DCMFILE *

d

)

Free memory allocated for DCMFILE data. All contents are destroyed.

Precondition

Before first use initialize the struct with dcmfileInit().

See also

dcmfileInit

Author

Vesa Oikonen

Parameters

d	Pointer to DCMFILE.

Definition at line 67 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL) return;
  dcmitemFree(d->item);
  dcmfileInit(d);
}

Referenced by dcmFileList(), dcmFileRead(), dcmMListRead(), imgReadDICOM(), and imgWriteDICOM().

dcmfileInit()

void dcmfileInit

(

DCMFILE *

d

)

Initiate the DCMFILE struct before any use.

See also

dcmfileFree

Parameters

d	Pointer to DCMFILE.

Definition at line 22 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL) return;
  d->filename[0]=(char)0;
  d->fp=(FILE*)NULL;
  d->truid=DCM_TRUID_UNKNOWN;
  d->item=(DCMITEM*)NULL;
}

Referenced by dcmfileFree(), dcmFileList(), dcmMListRead(), imgReadDICOM(), and imgWriteDICOM().

dcmfileMaxDepth()

unsigned short int dcmfileMaxDepth

(

DCMFILE *

df

)

Get the maximum depth of DCMFILE items tree.

Returns

Returns the number of item levels under specified DCMFILE, or zero in case of an error or if there are no items.

See also

dcmitemParentNr, dcmitemMaxDepth

Parameters

df	Pointer to DCMFILE item.

Definition at line 102 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(df==NULL || df->item==NULL) return(0);
  unsigned short int m=0, n=0;
  DCMITEM *sd=df->item;
  while(sd!=NULL) { // go through all sisters
    n=dcmitemMaxDepth(sd); if(n>m) m=n;
    sd=sd->next_item;
  }
  return(m+1);
}

dcmFindDownTag()

DCMITEM * dcmFindDownTag	(	DCMITEM *	d,
		const short int	omit,
		DCMTAG *	tag,
		const int	verbose )

Search for specified tag in DCMITEM data tree, but only downward.

Returns

Returns pointer to next item with the tag, or NULL if not found.

Parameters

d	Pointer to current DICOM item.
omit	Omit this item from the search.
tag	Pointer to the DICOM tag that is searched for.
verbose	Verbose level; if zero, then nothing is printed to stderr or stdout.

Definition at line 428 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL || tag==NULL) return(NULL);
  if(verbose>0) printf("%s((%04X,%04X),%d)\n", __func__, tag->group, tag->element, omit);
  DCMITEM *iptr;
  if(omit==0) iptr=d; else iptr=d->next_item;
  while(iptr!=NULL) {
    if(verbose>2)
      printf(" checking tag(%04X,%04X)...\n", iptr->tag.group, iptr->tag.element);
    if(iptr->tag.group==tag->group && iptr->tag.element==tag->element) {
      if(verbose>2) printf("  found!\n");
      break;
    }
    /* Check if this item has children */
    if(iptr->child_item!=NULL) {
      if(verbose>2) printf("  going to search inside children...\n");
      DCMITEM *rptr=dcmFindDownTag(iptr->child_item, 0, tag, verbose);
      if(rptr!=NULL) return(rptr);
      if(verbose>3) printf("  nothing found in any of the children\n");
    }
    iptr=iptr->next_item;
  }
  /* Stop if we found tag */
  if(iptr!=NULL) return(iptr);
  /* Stop anyway */
  return(NULL);
}

Referenced by dcmFindDownTag(), dcmFindTag(), dcmImgIsotope(), dcmImgPos(), dcmImgPxlsize(), dcmMListRead(), and imgReadDICOM().

dcmFindTag()

DCMITEM * dcmFindTag	(	DCMITEM *	d,
		const short int	omit,
		DCMTAG *	tag,
		const int	verbose )

Search for specified tag in DCMITEM data tree, from left to right, down and up.

Returns

Returns pointer to next item with the tag, or NULL if not found.

Parameters

d	Pointer to current DICOM item.
omit	Omit this item from the search.
tag	Pointer to the DICOM tag that is searched for.
verbose	Verbose level; if zero, then nothing is printed to stderr or stdout.

Definition at line 375 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL || tag==NULL) return(NULL);
  if(verbose>0) printf("%s((%04X,%04X),%d)\n", __func__, tag->group, tag->element, omit);
  DCMITEM *iptr;
  if(omit==0) iptr=d; else iptr=d->next_item;
  while(iptr!=NULL) {
    if(verbose>2)
      printf(" checking tag(%04X,%04X)...\n", iptr->tag.group, iptr->tag.element);
    if(iptr->tag.group==tag->group && iptr->tag.element==tag->element) {
      if(verbose>2) printf("  found!\n");
      break;
    }
    /* Check if this item has children */
    if(iptr->child_item!=NULL) {
      if(verbose>2) printf("  going to search inside children...\n");
      DCMITEM *rptr=dcmFindDownTag(iptr->child_item, 0, tag, verbose);
      if(rptr!=NULL) return(rptr);
      if(verbose>3) printf("  nothing found in any of the children\n");
    }
    iptr=iptr->next_item;
  }
  /* Stop if we found tag */
  if(iptr!=NULL) return(iptr);
  /* Stop if we do not have parent */
  if(d->parent_item==NULL) return(NULL);
  /* Search from the parent, but not including the parent */
  if(verbose>2) printf("  going to search the parents sister...\n");
  return(dcmFindTag(d->parent_item, 1, tag, verbose));
 
#if(0)
  if(d->parent_item==NULL) return(NULL);
 
  /* Search from the parent */
  if(verbose>2) printf("  going to search inside parent...\n");
  return(dcmFindTag(d->parent_item, 1, tag, verbose));
#endif
}

Referenced by dcmFileList(), dcmFindTag(), dcmImgDim(), dcmImgIsotope(), dcmImgOrient(), dcmImgPos(), dcmImgPxlsize(), dcmMListRead(), dcmSameImage(), dcmTagIntRange(), and imgReadDICOM().

dcmitemFree()

void dcmitemFree

(

DCMITEM *

d

)

Recursively free memory allocated for DCMITEM items and their children items.

See also

dcmfileFree

Author

Vesa Oikonen

Parameters

d	Pointer to DCMITEM.

Definition at line 39 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL) return;
  /* find the last item in the list */
  DCMITEM *ip=d; while(ip->next_item!=NULL) ip=ip->next_item;
  while(ip!=NULL) {
    /* Free items child and their children */
    if(ip->child_item!=NULL) dcmitemFree(ip->child_item);
    /* Free this item and move to previous item */
    if(ip->prev_item!=NULL) {
      ip=ip->prev_item; 
      free(ip->next_item->rd); free(ip->next_item); 
      ip->next_item=NULL;
    } else {
      free(ip->rd); free(ip); ip=NULL;
    }
  }
}

Referenced by dcmfileFree(), and dcmitemFree().

dcmitemGetInt()

long int dcmitemGetInt

(

DCMITEM *

d

)

Read integer value from given DICOM item.

VR must be either UL, US, SL, SS, or IS; otherwise 0 is returned.

Returns

Returns the value as long int, in order to cope with originally unsigned integers.

See also

dcmitemGetInt, dcmValueString, dcmFindTag

Parameters

d	Pointer to item.

Definition at line 295 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL || d->rd==NULL) return(0);
  long int li=0;
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_UL) { // unsigned 32-bit int
    unsigned int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 4); if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 4);
    li=(long int)i;
  } else if(d->vr==DCM_VR_US) { // unsigned 16-bit int
    unsigned short int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 2); if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 2);
    li=(long int)i;
  } else if(d->vr==DCM_VR_SL) { // signed 32-bit int
    int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 4); if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 4);
    li=(long int)i;
  } else if(d->vr==DCM_VR_SS) { // signed 16-bit int
    short int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 2); if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 2);
    li=(long int)i;
  } else if(d->vr==DCM_VR_IS) { // integer string
    li=atol(d->rd);
  }
  return(li);
}

Referenced by dcmImgDim(), dcmImgPos(), dcmMListRead(), dcmSameImage(), dcmTagIntRange(), and imgReadDICOM().

dcmitemGetReal()

double dcmitemGetReal

(

DCMITEM *

d

)

Read floating point value from given DICOM item.

VR must be either FL, FD, DS, UL, US, SL, SS, or IS; otherwise 0 is returned.

Returns

Returns the value as double.

See also

dcmitemGetInt, dcmValueString, dcmFindTag

Parameters

d	Pointer to item.

Definition at line 331 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL || d->rd==NULL) return(0);
  double r=0.0;
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_FL) { // 32-bit float
    float f;
    memcpy(&f, d->rd, 4); if(!endianLittle()) swap(&f, &f, 4);
    r=(double)f;
  } else if(d->vr==DCM_VR_FD) { // 64-bit double
    double f;
    memcpy(&f, d->rd, 8); if(!endianLittle()) swap(&f, &f, 8);
    r=f;
  } else if(d->vr==DCM_VR_DS) { // decimal string
    r=atof(d->rd);
  } else if(d->vr==DCM_VR_UL) { // unsigned 32-bit int
    unsigned int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 4); if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 4);
    r=(double)i;
  } else if(d->vr==DCM_VR_US) { // unsigned 16-bit int
    unsigned short int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 2); if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 2);
    r=(double)i;
  } else if(d->vr==DCM_VR_SL) { // signed 32-bit int
    int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 4); if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 4);
    r=(double)i;
  } else if(d->vr==DCM_VR_SS) { // signed 16-bit int
    short int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 2); if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 2);
    r=(double)i;
  } else if(d->vr==DCM_VR_IS) { // integer string
    r=(double)atol(d->rd);
  }
  return(r);
}

Referenced by dcmImgPxlsize(), dcmMListRead(), and imgReadDICOM().

dcmitemMaxDepth()

unsigned short int dcmitemMaxDepth

(

DCMITEM *

d

)

Get the maximum depth of DCMITEM tree.

Returns

Returns the number of levels under specified item, not including given item itself.

See also

dcmitemParentNr, dcmfileMaxDepth

Parameters

d	Pointer to DCMITEM item.

Definition at line 83 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL || d->child_item==NULL) return(0);
  unsigned short int m=0, n=0;
  DCMITEM *cd=d->child_item;
  /* go through all children */
  while(cd!=NULL) {
    n=dcmitemMaxDepth(cd); if(n>m) m=n;
    cd=cd->next_item;
  }
  return(m+1);
}

Referenced by dcmfileMaxDepth(), and dcmitemMaxDepth().

dcmitemParentNr()

unsigned short int dcmitemParentNr

(

DCMITEM *

d

)

Check how deep in DCMITEM tree this item is.

Returns

Returns the number of parents this item has.

See also

dcmitemMaxDepth, dcmfileMaxDepth

Parameters

d	Pointer to DCMITEM.

Definition at line 122 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL) return(0);
  unsigned short int n=0;
  DCMITEM *pd=d->parent_item;
  while(pd!=NULL) {n++; pd=pd->parent_item;}
  return(n);
}

Referenced by dcmFileReadNextElement().

dcmitemPrint()

void dcmitemPrint

(

DCMITEM *

d

)

Print contents of given DICOM item into stdout.

Parameters

d	Pointer to item.

Definition at line 467 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL) {printf("(null)\n"); fflush(stdout); return;}
  printf("tag(%04X,%04X)", d->tag.group, d->tag.element); fflush(stdout);
  printf(" VR=%s", dcmVRName(d->vr)); fflush(stdout);
  if(d->vl==0xFFFFFFFF) printf(" VL=%08X", d->vl); else printf(" VL=%u", d->vl);
  fflush(stdout);
  char *buf=dcmValueString(d); printf(" '%s'", buf); free(buf);
  printf("\n"); fflush(stdout);
}

Referenced by dcmAddItem(), dcmFileWrite(), dcmMListRead(), and imgReadDICOM().

dcmTagIntRange()

int dcmTagIntRange	(	DCMITEM *	d,
		DCMTAG *	tag,
		int *	mi,
		int *	ma,
		const int	verbose )

Search the range of integer values for specified tag in DCMITEM data tree.

Returns

0 if successful, otherwise >0.

Parameters

d	Pointer to top DICOM item.
tag	Pointer to the DICOM tag that is searched for.
mi	Pointer to int where min value is written; NULL if not needed.
ma	Pointer to int where max value is written; NULL if not needed.
verbose	Verbose level; if zero, then nothing is printed to stderr or stdout.

Definition at line 631 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL || tag==NULL) return(1);
  if(verbose>0) printf("%s(%04X,%04X)\n", __func__, tag->group, tag->element);
 
  /* Find the first occurrence of tag */
  DCMITEM *iptr=dcmFindTag(d, 0, tag, 0);
  if(iptr==NULL) {
    if(verbose>1) printf("  tag not found.\n");
    return(2);
  }
  int iv=dcmitemGetInt(iptr); if(verbose>2) printf("  value := %d\n", iv);
  int mini=iv;
  int maxi=iv;
  /* Find the rest of occurrences */
  while(iptr!=NULL) {
    iptr=dcmFindTag(iptr, 1, tag, 0);
    if(iptr!=NULL) {
      iv=dcmitemGetInt(iptr); if(verbose>2) printf("  value := %d\n", iv);
      if(iv>maxi) maxi=iv; else if(iv<mini) mini=iv;
    }
  }
  if(verbose>1) {
    printf("  minimum_value := %d\n", mini);
    printf("  maximum_value := %d\n", maxi);
  }
  if(mi!=NULL) *mi=mini;
  if(ma!=NULL) *ma=maxi;
  return(0);
}

Referenced by dcmImgDim(), and dcmMListRead().

dcmTagSet()

void dcmTagSet	(	DCMTAG *	tag,
		unsigned short int	group,
		unsigned short int	element )

Set DICOM Tag group and element.

Parameters

tag	Pointer to Tag to set.
group	Tag Group
element	Tag Element

Definition at line 483 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  tag->group=group;
  tag->element=element;
}

Referenced by dcmFileList(), dcmImgDim(), dcmImgIsotope(), dcmImgOrient(), dcmImgPos(), dcmImgPxlsize(), dcmSameImage(), imgReadDICOM(), and imgWriteDICOM().

dcmValueString()

char * dcmValueString

(

DCMITEM *

d

)

Pre-process the DICOM element value into format suitable for printing.

Note

Use only for printing information for the user.

Returns

Returns pointer to locally allocated null-terminated string.

Postcondition

Free the pointer after use.

See also

dcmitemGetInt, dcmitemGetReal, dcmFindTag

Attribute tag

Float

Double

Unsigned 32-bit int

Unsigned 16-bit int

Signed 32-bit int

Signed 16-bit int

Parameters

d	Pointer to item containing the value to print.

Definition at line 141 of file dcmdata.c.

  {
  if(d==NULL) return((char*)NULL);
 
  /* For sequence, return string 'na' */
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_SQ) {
    char *s=malloc(3); strcpy(s, "na"); // do not write char *s="na";
    return(s);
  }
 
  /* If there is no value, then return string 'empty', or
     'na', if value just was not stored (pixel data) */
  if(d->vl==0) {
    char *s=malloc(6); strcpy(s, "empty"); 
    return(s);
  } else if(d->rd==NULL) {
    char *s=malloc(3); strcpy(s, "na"); 
    return(s);
  }
 
  unsigned int len;
  if(d->vl==0xFFFFFFFF) len=(unsigned int)dcmVRVLength(d->vr); else len=d->vl;
 
  /* String values */
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_CS || d->vr==DCM_VR_DS || d->vr==DCM_VR_IS || 
     d->vr==DCM_VR_LO || d->vr==DCM_VR_LT || d->vr==DCM_VR_PN || 
     d->vr==DCM_VR_SH || d->vr==DCM_VR_ST)
  {
    char *s=malloc(len+1);
    memcpy(s, d->rd, len); s[len]=(char)0;
    return(s);
  }
 
  /* More string values */
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_AS || d->vr==DCM_VR_PN || 
     d->vr==DCM_VR_DA || d->vr==DCM_VR_DT || d->vr==DCM_VR_TM || 
     d->vr==DCM_VR_UT || d->vr==DCM_VR_AE || 
     d->vr==DCM_VR_UI || d->vr==DCM_VR_UR)
  {
    char *s=malloc(len+1);
    memcpy(s, d->rd, len); s[len]=(char)0;
    return(s);
  }
 
 
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_AT) {
    DCMTAG tag;
    memcpy(&tag.group, d->rd, 2);
    memcpy(&tag.element, d->rd+2, 2);
    if(!endianLittle()) {
      swap(&tag.group, &tag.group, 2);
      swap(&tag.element, &tag.element, 2);
    }
    char *s=malloc(14);
    sprintf(s, "0x%04x,0x%04x", tag.group, tag.element);
    return(s);
  }
 
 
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_FL) {
    float f;
    memcpy(&f, d->rd, 4);
    if(!endianLittle()) swap(&f, &f, 4);
    char *s=malloc(16);
    sprintf(s, "%g", f);
    return(s);
  }
 
 
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_FD) {
    char *s=malloc(32);
    /*if(d->vl==2) {
      printf("\nFD VL=%d\n", d->vl);
      float f;
      memcpy(&f, d->rd+4, 4);
      if(!endianLittle()) swap(&f, &f, 4);
      sprintf(s, "%g", f);
    } else {
      double f;
      memcpy(&f, d->rd, 8);
      if(!endianLittle()) swap(&f, &f, 8);
      sprintf(s, "%g", f);
    }
    */
    double f;
    memcpy(&f, d->rd, 8);
    if(!endianLittle()) swap(&f, &f, 8);
    sprintf(s, "%g", f);
    return(s);
  }
 
 
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_UL) {
    unsigned int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 4);
    if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 4);
    char *s=malloc(16);
    sprintf(s, "%u", i);
    return(s);
  }
 
 
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_US) {
    unsigned short int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 2);
    if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 2);
    char *s=malloc(8);
    sprintf(s, "%u", i);
    return(s);
  }
 
 
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_SL) {
    int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 4);
    if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 4);
    char *s=malloc(16);
    sprintf(s, "%d", i);
    return(s);
  }
 
 
  if(d->vr==DCM_VR_SS) {
    short int i;
    memcpy(&i, d->rd, 2);
    if(!endianLittle()) swap(&i, &i, 2);
    char *s=malloc(8);
    sprintf(s, "%d", i);
    return(s);
  }
 
/* Not (yet) printed:
  DCM_VR_OB,        ///< DICOM other byte string, even bytes, endian insensitive.
  DCM_VR_OD,        ///< DICOM other double (64-bit) stream, endian sensitive.
  DCM_VR_OF,        ///< DICOM other float (32-bit) stream, endian sensitive.
  DCM_VR_OL,        ///< DICOM other long (32-bit) stream, endian sensitive.
  DCM_VR_OW,        ///< DICOM other word (16-bit) stream, even bytes, endian sensitive.
  DCM_VR_UC,        ///< DICOM unlimited characters.
  DCM_VR_UN,        ///< DICOM unknown, any valid length of another VR.
  DCM_VR_INVALID    ///< Invalid DICOM value representation.
*/
  char *s=malloc(3); strcpy(s, "na"); // do not write char *s="na";
  return(s);
}

Referenced by dcmFileReadNextElement(), dcmImgIsotope(), dcmImgOrient(), dcmImgPos(), dcmImgPxlsize(), dcmitemPrint(), dcmMListRead(), and imgReadDICOM().