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If arterial blood samples are not required, the study protocol becomes much less invasive. In heart studies the blood samples can be replaced with left ventricular blood pool data acquisition. In brain receptor studies, often a region (e.g. cerebellum) exists where tracer binding is insignificant and which can be used as reference regions; the reference region curve can replace the plasma data in Gjedde-Patlak and Logan plots [Patlak and Blasberg 1985, Sawada et al. 1990, Logan et al. 1996]. With non-linear fitting using reference tissue input model [Cunningham et al. 1991, Lammertsma et al. 1996] the binding potential can be estimated. Reference region can be used also for simple ratio calculations (see Ito et al. 1998).
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Lammertsma AA, Hume SP. Simplified reference tissue model for PET receptor studies. NeuroImage 1996; 4:153-158.
Logan J, Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wolf AP, Dewey SL, Schlyer DJ, MacGregor RR, Hitzemann R, Bendriem B, Gatley SJ, Christman DR. Graphical analysis of reversible radioligand binding from time-activity measurements applied to [N-11C-methyl]-(-)-cocaine PET studies in human subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1990; 10: 740-747.
Patlak CS, Blasberg RG. Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple-time uptake data. Generalizations. J Cereb Blood FlowMetab. 1985; 5:584-590.
Sawada Y, Hiraga S, Francis B, Patlak C, Pettigrew K, Ito K, Owens E, Gibson R, Reba R, Eckelman W, Larson S, Blasberg RG. Kinetic analysis of 3-quinuclidinyl 4-[125I]iodobenzilate transport and specific binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat brain in vivo: implications for human studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1990; 10:781-807.